My latest paper provides a rudimentary measure of the degree of Indonesia's illiberal democracy by looking at the involvement of the state in enforcing religious values. Comparison between Indonesia's religious legislation with other democracies yields an observation that Indonesia is rather unusually illiberal: the state is heavily involved in religion enforcement. The paper is available here, and the data replication material here.
Snippets from the paper. The boxplot below demonstrates that democracies have narrower spread of scores in terms of the number of religious legislation. Autocracies, in contrast, has wider spread reflecting a population of countries with high scores.
With that difference in mind, it is interesting to see whether there are outlier cases. For example, democracies that pass high number of religious legislation. Another figure below maps countries on two important planes: their democratic scores (V-Dem dataset) and their religious legislation scores (RAS 3 dataset). Indeed, some countries demonstrate deviation from the typical relationship between regime type and religious legislation. Democracies usually have low religious legislation scores, with important exceptions including Indonesia.
More discussion in the paper in regard to what high enforcement of religion implies to the quality of Indonesia's democracy. Especially, to the degree of its illiberal nature.